What Is First Focal Plane Scopes?
First focal plane (FFP) scopes are rifle scopes where the reticle is placed in front of the magnification lens, causing it to change size proportionally with the target as the magnification is adjusted, allowing accurate holdover and ranging at any magnification setting.
Understanding First Focal Plane Scopes
The world of rifle optics can be complex, with various technologies vying for attention. Among them, first focal plane (FFP) scopes stand out for their unique characteristics and advantages, particularly for long-range shooting and tactical applications. Understanding how they differ from their second focal plane (SFP) counterparts is crucial for selecting the right optic for your needs. This article aims to thoroughly explain what is first focal plane scopes and their benefits, drawbacks, and applications.
The Basics of Focal Planes
Before diving into FFP specifically, it’s important to understand the concept of focal planes in rifle scopes. A focal plane is simply the location within the scope where the reticle (the crosshair or aiming point) is situated. There are two primary focal planes used in rifle scopes:
- First Focal Plane (FFP): The reticle is located before the magnification lens.
- Second Focal Plane (SFP): The reticle is located after the magnification lens, near the eyepiece.
The key difference lies in how the reticle appears to the shooter as the magnification is adjusted.
How First Focal Plane Scopes Work
In an FFP scope, the reticle is positioned in front of the magnification lens. As you increase or decrease the magnification, the reticle grows or shrinks proportionally with the target image. This means that if you double the magnification, the size of both the target and the reticle appear to double.
This proportional relationship is the cornerstone of the FFP design. It allows the subtensions (the distance between markings on the reticle) to remain constant relative to the target size, regardless of the magnification setting. Subtensions are the key to using the reticle for ranging targets, estimating bullet drop (holdover), and compensating for wind drift.
Benefits of First Focal Plane Scopes
The primary advantage of an FFP scope is the ability to use the reticle for accurate ranging and holdover calculations at any magnification setting. This offers significant advantages in several scenarios:
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Long-Range Shooting: Allows for quick and accurate bullet drop compensation at varying distances without having to rely on a specific magnification.
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Tactical Applications: Offers speed and adaptability in dynamic situations where targets appear at unpredictable ranges.
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Hunting: Useful for hunting scenarios where ranges change rapidly, allowing the hunter to quickly adjust for bullet drop without needing to zoom to a specific magnification.
Here’s a summarized comparison of the two types of scopes:
| Feature | First Focal Plane (FFP) | Second Focal Plane (SFP) |
|---|---|---|
| Reticle Position | Before the magnification lens | After the magnification lens |
| Reticle Size | Changes proportionally with magnification | Remains constant regardless of magnification |
| Accuracy | Accurate at all magnification settings | Accurate at a specific magnification (usually max) |
| Complexity | More complex and generally more expensive | Simpler and generally less expensive |
Common Misconceptions About FFP Scopes
Several common misconceptions surround the functionality and usability of what is first focal plane scopes. One prevalent myth is that the reticle in an FFP scope becomes too small to see at low magnifications. While this can be true with some reticle designs, many modern FFP scopes utilize illuminated reticles or bolder designs that remain visible across the entire magnification range. Another misconception is that FFP scopes are inherently superior to SFP scopes. The best choice depends entirely on the user’s needs and intended application. For example, hunters who primarily shoot at fixed ranges may prefer the constant reticle size and typically lower cost of an SFP scope.
Choosing the Right FFP Scope
Selecting the right FFP scope involves considering several factors:
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Reticle Design: The reticle should be appropriate for your intended use. MIL-dot or MOA reticles are common for long-range shooting, while simpler reticles may be preferred for hunting.
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Magnification Range: Choose a magnification range that suits the distances you’ll be shooting.
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Glass Quality: High-quality glass is essential for a clear and bright image, especially at higher magnifications.
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Turrets: Consider the type of turrets (exposed or capped) and their adjustment increments (MIL or MOA).
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Budget: FFP scopes typically command a higher price than SFP scopes, so set a realistic budget.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
What makes FFP scopes more expensive than SFP scopes?
FFP scopes are generally more expensive due to the more complex design and manufacturing processes required to ensure the reticle changes size proportionally with the magnification. This increased complexity adds to the cost of materials and labor.
Is an FFP scope always the best choice for long-range shooting?
While FFP scopes are highly advantageous for long-range shooting due to their ability to maintain accurate subtensions at all magnification settings, they are not always the best choice. Some shooters may prefer the simpler design and potentially lower cost of an SFP scope, especially if they primarily shoot at known distances or use a ballistic calculator.
Do FFP scopes have any disadvantages?
Yes, FFP scopes can have disadvantages. At low magnifications, the reticle can appear very small, potentially making it difficult to see without illumination. Additionally, what is first focal plane scopes typically commands a higher price point than SFP scopes.
What is the difference between MIL and MOA reticles in FFP scopes?
MIL (milliradian) and MOA (minute of angle) are units of angular measurement used for reticle markings and turret adjustments. A MIL is equal to 3.6 inches at 100 yards, while an MOA is equal to 1.047 inches at 100 yards. The choice between MIL and MOA depends on personal preference and the system used by your rangefinder and ballistic calculator. MIL is generally considered easier to use for ranging calculations due to its decimal-based system.
How do I zero an FFP scope?
Zeroing an FFP scope is similar to zeroing any other rifle scope. After mounting the scope securely on your rifle, use a bore sighter to get on paper at a short distance (e.g., 25 yards). Then, fire a group of shots and adjust the turrets to move the point of impact to the center of the target. Repeat this process until you achieve a consistent zero at your desired zeroing distance.
Can I use an FFP scope for hunting?
Yes, FFP scopes can be excellent for hunting, especially in situations where you might encounter targets at varying and unknown distances. The ability to quickly adjust for bullet drop without needing to zoom to a specific magnification can be a significant advantage.
What is an illuminated reticle, and why is it beneficial in an FFP scope?
An illuminated reticle is a reticle that can be lit up using a battery-powered light source. This is particularly beneficial in FFP scopes because the reticle can become difficult to see at low magnifications in low-light conditions. Illumination ensures the reticle remains visible regardless of the magnification or ambient light levels.
How do I range a target using an FFP scope?
Ranging a target with an FFP scope involves using the reticle subtensions to estimate the target’s size in MILs or MOA. By knowing the target’s actual size (e.g., the height of a deer) and measuring its apparent size in the reticle, you can use a simple formula to calculate the distance.
What is holdover, and how does it relate to FFP scopes?
Holdover is the amount of vertical correction needed to compensate for bullet drop at a given distance. In an FFP scope, the reticle markings can be used to estimate the amount of holdover required at any magnification setting, making it easy to accurately place your shot at long ranges. The accuracy is preserved at any magnification, making FFP scopes superior in these situations.
Are FFP scopes only for rifles?
While FFP scopes are most commonly used on rifles, they can also be used on other firearms, such as air rifles or even some specialized pistols. The key requirement is that the firearm is capable of consistent accuracy at varying distances.
What maintenance is required for an FFP scope?
The maintenance requirements for an FFP scope are similar to those of any other rifle scope. Keep the lenses clean using a lens cleaning solution and a soft cloth. Store the scope in a dry place to prevent corrosion. Periodically check the mounting hardware to ensure it is tight and secure.
What does “subtension” mean in the context of FFP scopes?
Subtension refers to the angular measurement represented by the markings on the reticle. In what is first focal plane scopes, these subtensions remain constant relative to the target size regardless of the magnification, allowing for accurate ranging and holdover calculations at any magnification setting.